Abstract
Rio's waterways were long-known to be polluted, but human body parts washed ashore at the site of the Beach Volleyball,1[I0J and according to a health study commissioned by the Associated Press, the aquatic Olympic and Paralympic venues of Rio showed dangerously high levels of viruses.1"1 Rio officials had pledged in their bid to host the Games that there would be a $4 billion government expansion of basic sanitation infrastructure that would "regenerate Rio's magnificent waterways" and that they would build eight new water treatment and filtration facilities. Shootouts between police and criminals or between rival gangs are not uncommon in Rio,1'41 and just two weeks after winning the bid drug traffickers shot down a police helicopter a mile from Maracana Stadium, site of the Olympic opening and closing ceremonies/1''1 According to annual United Nation reports on murders, Brazil has more homicides than any other nation^161 and in the first six months of 2016 alone there were 1,715 homicides in Brazil.1171 There were a number of safety and security incidents at the Games themselves.