Abstract
This investigation focuses on flow energy, a crucial parameter in the design of water structures such as channels. The research endeavors to explore the relative energy loss (Delta E-AB/E-A) in a constricted flow path of varying widths, employing Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Gene Expression Programming (GEP), Multiple Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS), M5 and Random Forest (RF) models. Experiments span a Froude number range from 2.85 to 8.85. The experimental findings indicate that the Delta E-AB/E-A exceeds that observed in a classical hydraulic jump with constriction section. Within the SVM model, the linear kernel emerges as the best predictor of Delta E-AB/E-A, outperforming polynomial, radial basis function (RBF), and sigmoid kernels. In addition, in the ANN model, the MLP network was more accurate compared to the RBF network. The results indicate that the relationship proposed by the MARS model can play a significant role resulting in high accuracy compared to the non-linear regression relationship in predicting the target parameter. Upon comprehensive evaluation, the ANN method emerges as the most promising among the candidates, yielding superior performance compared to the other models. The testing phase results for the ANN-MLP are noteworthy, with R = 0.997, average RE% = 0.63%, RMSE = 0.0069, BIAS = -0.0004, DR = 0.999, SI = 0.0098 and KGE = 0.995.